Ubushakashatsi ku isoko y’uruzi rwa Nile bukunze kutavugwaho rumwe, kuko bamwe bemeza ko isoko ya Nile iri muri Pariki ya Nyungwe mu Rwanda, mu gihe abandi bemeza ko isoko ya Nile iri mu Burundi mu mugezi wa Ruvyironza. Hari n’abavuga ko igira inkomoko muri Uganda no mu kiyaga cya Victoria.
Ikigo cy’ubumenyi bw’Isi ku rubuga rwa www.news.nationalgeographic.com, cyo kivuga ko umwongereza Neil Mc Grigor, n’umunya-New Zealand Garth Macintyre ndetse n’ikipe ya Dr. Kate Heathcote na George Heathcote, mu bushakashatsi bakoze basanze isoko ya Nile iri mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, ubu ryahinduwe Pariki Nasiyonale ya Nyungwe.
Wikipedia, igaragaza ko isoko ya Nile ituruka mu Rwanda, ikambukiranya ibihugu birimo u Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan y’Amajyepfo, Sudan, Ethiopia na Misiri.
Mu 1858, ubushakashatsi bwa Scottish Explorer bwari bwakozwe na John Hanning bwari bwagaragaje ko isoko ya Nile ituruka mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika aho ibihugu bya Kenya Tanzania na Uganda bihurira mu kiyaga cya Victoria, bavugaga ko haba ari ho hari isoko ya Nile.
National Geographic yo igaragaza ko muri 2006 hari ubushakashati bwerekanye, ko isoko y’uruzi rwa Nile iri mu Rwanda muri Nyungwe. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikipe ya Ascend the Nile, aho bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu bushakashatsi ku bumenyi bw’isi.
Ibi bitangazwa na Cam McLeay wari uyoboye itsinda rya Ascend the Nile, wagize ati: “Tuzi neza ko ari byo, kuko twakusanyije amakuru ahagije ku isoko y’uruzi rwa Nile mu kumenya aho isoko ndende y’uruzi rwa Nile iri. Hakoreshejwe ubuhanga bw’ikoranabuhanga na GPS dusanga uburebure bw’umugezi wa Nile bungana na kilometero hafi ibihumbi birindwi (km7000).”
Juan Jose Valdes, ukuriye ishami ry’amakarita y’ubumenyi bw’isi (National Geographic Society Senior cartographer) yagize ati; “Ikibazo cy’isoko ya Nile ni nk’icy’umugezi wa Amazone. Kumenya ingano yabyo biteza ibibazo, niyo mpamvu ikigo cya The National Geographic Society cyemeza ko isoko ya Nile ifite inkomoko mu Rwanda ikagira indi mu gihugu cy’u Burundi.”
Abashakashatsi batari bake, bemeza ko isoko ndende ya Nile iri mu Rwanda kuko iva mu mugezi wa Rukarara ukomoka mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe.
Abashakashatsi bagaragaje ko Nili ifite isoko mu Rwanda, iyi soko isohoka mu Rwanda ari uruzi rw’Akagera, kagenda kakisuka mu kiyaga cya Victoria muri Uganda, ahitwa Ripon Falls hafi ya Jinja, rugasohokamo rwitwa “Victoria Nile”. Iyi Victoria Nile igenda ibirometero 500 ikongera kwisuka mu kiyaga cya Kyoga, nyuma mu kiyaga cya Albert.
Isoko ya Nile benshi ngo bakunze kuvuga ko ikomoka mu kiyaga cya Victoria muri Uganda aho amazi y’Akagera aba yisutse. Akagera ngo kisuka muri Victoria hafi y’umujyi wa Bukoba ho muri Tanzania. Bikaba bivugwa ko uyu mugezi ufite inkomoko ku witwa Ruvyironza yo mu Ntara ya Bururi ho mu Burundi, cyangwa se mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe ho mu Rwanda, ahakomoka umugezi wa mwogo ubyara Nyabarongo.
Iyi migezi yombi bavuga ko ihurira Rusumo ku mupaka w’u Rwanda na Tanzania. Ariko n’ubwo benshi batavuga rumwe ku isoko ya Nile, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa, nk’uko bikomeza bivugwa n’urubuga rwa wikipedia bwagaragaje ko isoko ya Nile ari umugezi ukomoka Rukarara mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe ho mu Rwanda, ikaba ariyo ibyara umugezi wa mbere muremure ku isi.
Abandi basura u Rwanda bavuga ko isoko y’uruzi rwa Nile iri mu Rwanda muri Gisozu, mu gihe hari n’abavuga ko isoko ituruka i Jinja mu gihugu cya Uganda aho ikiyaga cya Victoria kisukira mu kibaya cy’uruzi rwa Nile.
Aya mazi aba menshi akagenda abyara umugezi munini bikavamo uruzi rwa Nile, niyo abeshejeho igihugu cya Misiri mu buryo bwose, haba ubuhinzi ubworozi n’uburobyi. Izina Nile risobanura umugezi munini.
Nile ifite isoko mu Rwanda mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, ni uruzi rufitiye akamaro ibihugu byinshi bigizwe n’ubutayu ahanini nka Sudan, Ethiopia, na Misiri kuko uretse amazi ubwayo, umumaro bawugirirwa ahanini n’ibyo isuri y’imvura iba yakoyoye mu butaka bw’inaha hari imigezi ibyara isosko yayo, bigenda biajya kuba ifumbire ibeshaho ibihingwa bahinga mu nkengero z’uruzi rwa Nile.
Nile ifite ibice bibiri, aho igice cyo mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari kitwa Nile y’Umweru (White Nile) mu bihugu by’u Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda na Sudan y’Amajyepfo. Ikindi gice cya Nile kikitwa Nile y’ubururu cyangwa (Blue Nile), gihera ku kiyaga Tana cyo muri Ethiopia. Ibi bice byombi bihurira mu murwa mukuru wa Sudan wa Khartoum. Aya mazi asohokera muri “Delta” ajya mu nyanja ya Mediterane.
Nile Kuva ku isoko kugera ku Nyanja ya Mediterane
Nile ifata inkomoko muri Nyungwe mu mugezi wa Rukarara ukomeza ukivanga na Mwogo, bikabyara Nyabarongo ikomeza ikisukamo indi migezi bigatanga Akanyaru, nako kavamo Akagera kakisuka mu kiyaga cya Victoria muri Uganda, ahitwa Ripon Falls hafi ya Jinja, aho amazi asohoka yitwa Victoria Nile. Igenda ikisuka mu kiyaga cya Kyoga n’icya Albert.
Ubwo Nile ikomereza muri Sudani y’Amajyepfo aho bayita Bahr al Jabal, bisobanura inyanja yo mu musozi. Nile ikomereza mu kiyaga cya Ihura n’ikiyaga naho ikahava yitwa Bahr al Abyad aribyo “White Nile” bisobanura Nile y’umweru.
Nile y’umweru yinjira muri Sudan igahura na Nile y’ubururu mu majyaruguru y’umurwa mukuru wa Suda Khartoum. Mu majyaruguru ya Sudan, Nile yisuka mu kiyaga cya Nasser (ikiyaga muri Sudan kizwi ku izina rya Nubia) aho gifite igice cyacyo kinini mu Misiri. Iyo igeze mu Misiri, mu majyaruguru y’umurwa mukuru, Cairo, Nile yigabanyamo ibice bibiri byose byisuka mu Nyanja ya Mediterane.
Amazi ya Nile yatangiye gukoresha mu kuhira mu myaka 4000 mbere ya Yezu
Umugezi wa Nile ukoreshwa mu buhinzi no mu bikorwa by’ingufu zibyara amashanyarazi cyane cyane mu bihugu by’amajyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bwa Afurika ahari ubutayu.
Kuhira imyaka n’uruzi rwa Nilie byatangiye mu myaka 4000 mbere ya Yezu Kristu mu gihugu cya Misiri. Ubu iki gihugu kibarizwamo ingomero zo kuhira nyinshi.
Uru ruzi rwa Nile rwanatunganyijwemo ibidamu bibyazwamo amashanyarazi kuva mu 1902, hakorwa ikidamu ya Aswan aricyo cya mbere cyabayeho muri iki gihugu, nyuma haza kubakwa n’izindi ngomero nyinshi ku buryo na Ethiopia iherutse gushoza intambara hagati yayo na Misiri bapfa urugomero Ethiopia ishaka kubaka kuri Nile Misiri ikavuga ko rwatuma amazi ajya muri Nile agabanuka cyane.
Usibye kuba aya mazi abyazwa umusaruro mu buryo bwose mu bihugu anyuramo nka Misiri na Sudan aho bayabyaza amashanyarazi agakoreshwa no mu buhinzi yuhira imyaka, n’igihugu cya Uganda kuri ubu kirayakoresha mu kuyabyaza amashanyarazi.
Mu gihugu cya Sudani usanga mazi y’uru ruzi afitiye abahatuye akamaro kanini mu buhinzi. Mu Rwanda aya mazi yatangiye gukorerwaho ibikorwa byo kubyazwa amashyanyarazi ku rugomero rwa Nyabarongo na Rusumo, biri mu bikorwa byo kubakwa muri iyi minsi. Hari naho yuhira imyaka.
Kuri ubu hagomba ubwumvikane n’amasezerano mu gukoresha no gusaranganya amazi y’Uruzi rwa Nile. Tariki ya 22 Gashyantare mu mwaka w’1999, ibihugu byibumbiye mu mushinga wa “Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)” byagiye hamwe muri uyu muryango, bifite intego yo kubungabunga no gufata neza ikibaya cy’Uruzi rwa Nile, bityo ibihugu byose bigihuriyeho bigaharanira kugera ku iterambere rishingiye mu gusaranganya inyungu zituruka ku mutungo kamere w’amazi y’Uruzi rwa Nile.
Inama y’Ihuriro ry’Abaminisitiri bafite Amazi n’Ibidukikije mu nshingano zabo mu bihugu bigize ikibaya cy’Uruzi rwa Nile, mu mwaka wa 2006 bemeje ko buri takiki ya 22 Gashyantare hazajya hizihizwa Umunsi Ngarukamwaka w’ ikibaya cy’Uruzi rwa Nili, ibirori byo kuwizihiza bibera mu rwego rwa buri gihugu mu bihugu bigize uwo muryango hazirikanwa akamaro k’Uruzi rwa Nile.
Marie Chantal Nyirabera
